which there is no change in the gene pool. This means that
there can be no evolution.
For a test example let us consider a population whose gene
pool contains the alleles B and b. Assign the letter c to the frequency
of the dominant allele B and the letter d to the frequency of the
recessive allele b.
In most cases you will find that c and d are actually notated
as p and q by convention in science, but for this example we will use c
and d.]
The sum of all the alleles must equal 100%.
So c + d = 1.
All the random possible combinations of the members of a
population would equal (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d). Which can also be
expressed as:
(c+d) X (c+d)
We will explain this in detail in moment, but it is best to know it for
now.
The frequencies of B and b will remain unchanged generation after
generation if:
1. The population is large enough.
2. There are no mutations.
295
3. There are no preferences. For example a BB male does not prefer a
bb female by its nature.
4. No other outside population exchanges genes with this model.
5.
Natural selection must not favor any specific individual.
Let us imagine a pool of genes. 12 are B and 18 are b. Now
remember The sum of all the alleles must equal 100%. So this means
that the total in this case is 12 + 18 = 30. So 30 is 100%.
If we want to find the frequencies of B and b and the
genotypic frequencies of B, Bb and b then we will have to apply the
standard formula that we have just been shown.
f (B) = 12/30 = 0.4 = 40%
f (b) = 18/30 = 0.6 = 60%
Both add to make 100%. Now we know their ratios.
So,
c + d = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1
We have proven that c + d must equal 1.
Very straightforward, yes.
296
Remember that all the random possible combinations of the members
of a population would equal (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d), or (c+d) X (c+d)
Then, c + d = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1
And (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d)
= BB + Bb + bb
= .24 + .48 + .30 = 1
This means that the population can increase in size, but the
frequencies of B and b will stay the same.
Now, suppose we break the 4th law about not introducing another
population into this one.
Let us say that we add 4 more b.
b + b + b + b enter the pool. This brings our total up to 34 instead of
30. What will the gene and genotypic frequencies be?
f (B) = 12/34 = .35 = 35 %
f (b) = 22/34 = .65 = 65%
f (BB) = .12, f (Bb) = .23 and f (bb) = .42
Oppss, .42 does not equal 1. This means that the Equilibrium law fails
if the 4th law is not met. When the new genes entered the pool it
resulted in a change of the population’s gene frequencies. However if
297
no other populations where introduced then the frequency of .42 would
be maintained generation after generation.
However we would like to point out that we used a very small
pool in the above example. If the pool were much larger then the
number of changes, even if one or two new genes jumped in, would be
insignificant. You could calculate it, but the change would be on an
extremely low levewhich there is no change in the gene pool. This means that
there can be no evolution.
For a test example let us consider a population whose gene
pool contains the alleles B and b. Assign the letter c to the frequency
of the dominant allele B and the letter d to the frequency of the
recessive allele b.
In most cases you will find that c and d are actually notated
as p and q by convention in science, but for this example we will use c
and d.]
The sum of all the alleles must equal 100%.
So c + d = 1.
All the random possible combinations of the members of a
population would equal (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d). Which can also be
expressed as:
(c+d) X (c+d)
We will explain this in detail in moment, but it is best to know it for
now.
The frequencies of B and b will remain unchanged generation after
generation if:
1. The population is large enough.
2. There are no mutations.
295
3. There are no preferences.
For example a BB male does not prefer a
bb female by its nature.
4. No other outside population exchanges genes with this model.
5. Natural selection must not favor any specific individual.
Let us imagine a pool of genes.
12 are B and 18 are b. Now
remember The sum of all the alleles must equal 100%. So this means
that the total in this case is 12 + 18 = 30. So 30 is 100%.
If we want to find the frequencies of B and b and the
genotypic frequencies of B, Bb and b then we will have to apply the
standard formula that we have just been shown.
f (B) = 12/30 = 0.4 = 40%
f (b) = 18/30 = 0.6 = 60%
Both add to make 100%. Now we know their ratios.
So,
c + d = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1
We have proven that c + d must equal 1.
Very straightforward, yes.
296
Remember that all the random possible combinations of the members
of a population would equal (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d), or (c+d) X (c+d)
Then, c + d = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1
And (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d)
= BB + Bb + bb
= .24 + .48 + .30 = 1
This means that the population can increase in size, but the
frequencies of B and b will stay the same.
Now, suppose we break the 4th law about not introducing another
population into this one.
Let us say that we add 4 more b.
b + b + b + b enter the pool. This brings our total up to 34 instead of
30. What will the gene and genotypic frequencies be?
f (B) = 12/34 = .35 = 35 %
f (b) = 22/34 = .65 = 65%
f (BB) = .12, f (Bb) = .23 and f (bb) = .42
Oppss, .42 does not equal 1. This means that the Equilibrium law fails
if the 4th law is not met.
Trippystix When the new genes entered the pool it
resulted in a change of the population’s gene frequencies. However if
297
no other populations where introduced then the frequency of .42 would
be maintained generation after generation.
However we would like to point out that we used a very small
pool in the above example. If the pool were much larger then the
number of changes, even if one or two new genes jumped in, would be
insignificant.
You could calculate it, but the change would be on an
extremely low levewhich there is no change in the gene pool. This means that
there can be no evolution.
For a test example let us consider a population whose gene
pool contains the alleles B and b. Assign the letter c to the frequency
of the dominant allele B and the letter d to the frequency of the
recessive allele b.
[In most cases you will find that c and d are actually notated
as p and q by convention in science, but for this example we will use c
and d.
The sum of all the alleles must equal 100%.
So c + d = 1.
All the random possible combinations of the members of a
population would equal (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d). Which can also be
expressed as:
(c+d) X (c+d)
We will explain this in detail in moment, but it is best to know it for
now.
The frequencies of B and b will remain unchanged generation after
generation if:
1. The population is large enough.
2. There are no mutations.
295
3. There are no preferences. For example a BB male does not prefer a
bb female by its nature.
4. No other outside population exchanges genes with this model.
5.
Natural selection must not favor any specific individual.
Let us imagine a pool of genes.
12 are B and 18 are b. Now
remember The sum of all the alleles
where to buy a trippy stick must equal 100%. So this means
that the total in this case is 12 + 18 = 30. So 30 is 100%.
If we want to find the frequencies of B and b and the
genotypic frequencies of B, Bb and b then we will have to apply the
standard formula that we have just been shown.
f (B) = 12/30 = 0.4 = 40%
f (b) = 18/30 = 0.6 = 60%
Both add to make 100%. Now we know their ratios.
So,
c + d = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1
We have proven that c + d must equal 1.
Very straightforward, yes.
296
Remember that all the random possible combinations of the members
of a population would equal (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d), or (c+d) X (c+d)
Then, c + d = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1
And (c x c) + 2cd +
ivapor stick (d x d)
= BB + Bb + bb
= .24 + .48 + .30 = 1
This means that the population can increase in size, but the
frequencies of B and b will stay the same.
Now, suppose we break the 4th law about not introducing another
population into this one.
Let us say that we add 4 more b.
b + b + b + b enter the pool. This brings our total up to 34 instead of
30. What will the gene and genotypic frequencies be?
f (B) = 12/34 = .35 = 35 %
f (b) = 22/34 = .65 = 65%
f (BB) = .12, f (Bb) = .23 and f (bb) = .42
Oppss, .42 does not equal 1. This means that the Equilibrium law fails
if the 4th law is not met. When the new genes entered the pool it
resulted in a change of the population’s gene frequencies. However if
297
no other populations where introduced then the frequency of .42 would
be maintained generation after generation.
However we would like to point out that we used a very small
pool in the above example. If the pool were much larger then the
number of changes, even if one or two new genes jumped in, would be
insignificant. You could calculate it, but the change would be on an
extremely low levewhich there is no change in the gene pool. This means that
there can be no evolution.
For a test example let us consider a population whose gene
pool contains the alleles B and b. Assign the letter c to the frequency
of the dominant allele B and the letter d to the frequency of the
recessive allele b.
In most cases you will find that c and d are actually notated
as p and q by convention in science, but for this example we will use c
and d.
The sum of all the alleles must equal 100%.
So c + d = 1.
All the random possible combinations of the members
where to buy a trippy stick of a
population would equal (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d). Which can also be
expressed as:
(c+d) X (c+d)
We will explain this in detail in moment, but it is best to know it for
now.
The frequencies of B and b will remain unchanged generation after
generation if:
1. The population is large enough.
2. There are no mutations.
295
3. There are no preferences. For example a BB male does not prefer a
bb female by its nature.
4.
No other outside population exchanges genes with this model.
5. Natural selection must not favor any specific individual.
Let us imagine a pool of genes. 12 are B and 18 are b. Now
remember The sum of all the alleles must equal 100%. So this means
that the total in this case is 12 + 18 = 30. So 30 is 100%.
If we want to find the frequencies of B and b and the
genotypic frequencies of B, Bb and b then we will have to apply the
standard formula that we have just been shown.
f (B) = 12/30 = 0.4 = 40%
f (b) = 18/30 = 0.6 = 60%
Both add to make 100%. Now we know their ratios.
So,
c + d = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1
We have proven that c + d must equal 1.
Very straightforward, yes.
296
Remember that all the random possible combinations of the members
of a population would equal (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d), or (c+d) X (c+d)
Then, c + d = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1
And (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d)
= BB + Bb + bb
= .24 + .48 + .30 = 1
This means that the population can increase in size, but the
frequencies of B and b will stay the same.
Now, suppose we break the 4th law about not introducing another
population into this one.
Let us say that we add 4 more b.
b + b + b + b enter the pool. This brings our total up to 34 instead of
30.
What will the gene and genotypic frequencies be?
f (B) = 12/34 = .35 = 35 %
f (b) = 22/34 = .65 = 65%
f (BB) = .12, f (Bb) = .23 and f (bb) = .42
Oppss, .42 does not equal 1. This means that the Equilibrium law fails
if the 4th law is not met. When the new genes entered the pool it
resulted in a change of the population’s gene frequencies.
However if
297
no other populations where introduced then the frequency of .42 would
be maintained generation after generation.
However we would like to point out that we used a very small
pool in the above example. If the pool were much larger then the
number of changes, even if one or two new genes jumped in, would be
insignificant. You could calculate it, but the change would be on an
extremely low leve
Although hash
from the area had been readily available in the late 70's, the Soviet invasion of that country greatly reduced
exports. In 1985, an Afghan refugee told Nevil the (cannabis) fields around Mazar-i-Sharif were being
destroyed. ""That was what I needed to hear"" says Nevil, "" I caught the next plane to Pakistan to save the
strain"""
"""After being smuggled into a refugee camp in Peshawar while lying on the floor of a car, Nevil made contact
with a 30-year old Muslim fanatic who had a throbbing vein that ran from between his eyes straight up to his
forehead. The man took a lump of black hash out of his pocket and told Nevil that it had been processed by
his uncle, a man known as Mister Hashish. Surrounded by four men pointing machine guns at him, Nevil set
about negotiating with Mr. Hashish, a Mujahedin commander, and finally persuaded him to send a squad of
his men 280 miles into Soviet occupied territory and come back with two kilos of healthy Mazari seeds.
Nevil added "" He thought I was ridiculous because I didn't want to buy hashish or opium. Nobody had ever
come out to buy seeds, and at first he had no idea what I was talking about. I tried there trying to explain
genetics to this tribal hash leader in sign language. When he finally figured out what I wanted, he asked too
much money. I took a zero off his price and gave him 10% up front. He called me a bandit, but I had the
seeds four days later."" - Nevil Schoenbottom, High Times Magazine, March 1987"
"If you got the real stuff from serious, the trick will be remaining patient while those babies mature. My AK-47
seeds produced two outstanding mothers, each of which are about the best smoke I or any of my friends have
ever had (plus a few other very interesting plants).
My seedlings didn't show a lot of vigor, but that may have been from overwatering on my part - I was
completely new at the whole thing. They tend to be pretty sativa in appearance, though I did get a couple of
slightly indica types. They show preflowers at about six weeks, and do best topped back before flowering. They
grow a lot, and stretch if you're not careful with them. My best smoking mothers weren't great yielders, but
they were tall. Just not great branching. Best to grow them SOG with tight spacing. Although I did get one
mother that branched like crazy, but the buds were stringy and stemmy and I won't be growing her out again.
I never had any problems with infestations or nutrients. You can give them high nutrient doses and they do
fine. Flowering time tends to be long, between 56-70 days, depending on the mother, although you can go
short, but it hurts the yield. Yields in general were not great, but then neither is my growing technique and
experience. Others report pretty good yields from what I hear.
The high is just plain supreme. Very up, cerebral, but smooth and completely non-paranoid. No racing. My
musician friends completely love the stuff. Very compatible with agrow-a-weed-plant